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Jh. anlaufende Denar- und sp\u00e4ter Groschenpr\u00e4gung folgt europ\u00e4ischem Muster. Bemerkenswert sind Imitationen islamischer Gold- und Silberm\u00fcnzen mit einer Mischung aus arabischem und christlichem Gepr\u00e4ge. Mit dem Fall von Akkon 1291 endete die europ\u00e4ische M\u00fcnzpr\u00e4gung im Heiligen Land.","year_from":"1099","year_until":"1291","autor":"Kluge, Bernd"},{"ikmk_timeline_id":"31","timeline_item":"Brakteaten und Denare","description":"Im 12. und 13. Jh. gaben in Deutschland nicht nur der K\u00f6nig, sondern beinahe jeder Bischof oder Abt, Herzog, Graf oder sonstige Landesherr f\u00fcr sein Gebiet eigene M\u00fcnzen aus. Die Folge sind eine kaum \u00fcberblickbare Anzahl verschiedener M\u00fcnzen und W\u00e4hrungen, die aus mehr als 400 M\u00fcnzst\u00e4tten stammen. Es blieb zwar beim silbernen Pfennig (Denar) als einzigem Geldwert, doch entwickelten sich seit der ersten H\u00e4lfte des 12. Jhs. zwei Formen des Pfenniggeldes. 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